What Major Animal Group Replaced Dinosaurs And Reptiles In The Cenozoic Era? Brainly

Tertiary era of the Phanerozoic Eon (66 one thousand thousand years agone to nowadays)

Cenozoic

66.0 – 0 Ma

Pha.

Proterozoic

Archean

Had'n

Stone deposits from the Cenozoic Era (Torre Sant'Andrea, Salento, Italia)

Chronology

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Mesozoic

C
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Quaternary

Paleogene

Neogene

An approximate timescale of the Cenozoic.
Axis calibration: millions of years agone.

Etymology

Proper noun formality

Formal

Nickname(s)

Age of Mammals

Usage information

Celestial body

Globe

Regional usage

Global (ICS)

Time calibration(due south) used

ICS Time Calibration

Definition

Chronological unit of measurement

Era

Stratigraphic unit

Erathem

Fourth dimension span formality

Formal

Lower boundary definition

Iridium enriched layer associated with a major meteorite bear on and subsequent Thousand-Pg extinction upshot.

Lower boundary GSSP

El Kef Section, El Kef, Tunisia
36°09′13″Due north 8°38′55″E / 36.1537°N 8.6486°E / 36.1537; eight.6486

GSSP ratified

1991

Upper purlieus definition

Northward/A

Upper purlieus GSSP

North/A

GSSP ratified

Due north/A

The Cenozoic ( Encounter-nə-ZOH-ik, SEN-ə-;^[1] ^[2] lit. 'new life') is Earth's current geological era, representing the last 66million years of Earth's history. It is characterized by the dominance of mammals, birds and flowering plants, a cooling and drying climate, and the current configuration of continents. It is the latest of three geological eras since complex life evolved, preceded by the Mesozoic and Paleozoic. It started with the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, when many species, including the non-avian dinosaurs, became extinct in an upshot attributed past most experts to the impact of a large asteroid or other celestial torso, the Chicxulub impactor.

The Cenozoic is also known as the Age of Mammals because the terrestrial animals that dominated both hemispheres were mammals – the eutherians (placentals) in the northern hemisphere and the metatherians (marsupials, at present mainly restricted to Australia) in the southern hemisphere. The extinction of many groups allowed mammals and birds to greatly diversify so that large mammals and birds dominated life on Earth. The continents likewise moved into their current positions during this era.

The climate during the early Cenozoic was warmer than today, especially during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum. However, the Eocene to Oligocene transition and the Fourth glaciation dried and cooled Earth.

Classification [edit]

Cenozoic derives from the Greek words kainós (καινός 'new') and zōḗ (ζωή 'life').^[3] The name was proposed in 1840 past the British geologist John Phillips (1800–1874), who originally spelled it Kainozoic.^[4] ^[5] ^[6] The era is also known as the Cænozoic, Caenozoic, or Cainozoic ().^[7] ^[8]

In name, the Cenozoic (lit. 'new life') is comparable to the preceding Mesozoic ('heart life') and Paleozoic ('old life') Eras, as well every bit to the Proterozoic ('before life') Eon.

Divisions [edit]

The Cenozoic is divided into three periods: the Paleogene, Neogene, and Quaternary; and seven epochs: the Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene. The Quaternary Catamenia was officially recognized by the International Commission on Stratigraphy in June 2009.^[9] In 2004, the Tertiary Period was officially replaced by the Paleogene and Neogene Periods. The common use of epochs during the Cenozoic helps paleontologists better organize and group the many pregnant events that occurred during this comparatively short interval of time. Noesis of this era is more detailed than any other era because of the relatively young, well-preserved rocks associated with information technology.

Paleogene [edit]

The Paleogene spans from the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs, 66 million years ago, to the dawn of the Neogene, 23.03 million years ago. It features three epochs: the Paleocene, Eocene and Oligocene.

The Paleocene Epoch lasted from 66 meg to 56 1000000 years ago. Modern placental mammals originated during this time.^[10] The devastation of the K–Pg extinction event included the extinction of large herbivores, which permitted the spread of dense but commonly species-poor forests.^[11] ^[12] The Early on Paleocene saw the recovery of Globe. The continents began to take their modern shape, but all the continents and the subcontinent of India were separated from each other. Afro-Eurasia was separated by the Tethys Sea, and the Americas were separated by the strait of Panama, as the isthmus had not yet formed. This epoch featured a general warming tendency, with jungles somewhen reaching the poles. The oceans were dominated by sharks^[13] as the big reptiles that had one time predominated were extinct. Primitive mammals filled the world such equally creodonts (extinct carnivores, unrelated to existing Carnivora).

The Eocene Epoch ranged from 56 million years to 33.nine million years agone. In the Early-Eocene, species living in dense forest were unable to evolve into larger forms, every bit in the Paleocene. All known mammals were under 10 kilograms.^[14] Among them were early primates, whales and horses along with many other early forms of mammals. At the top of the food bondage were huge birds, such equally Paracrax. The temperature was thirty degrees Celsius with piddling temperature gradient from pole to pole. In the Mid-Eocene, the Circumpolar-Antarctic current between Australia and Antarctica formed. This disrupted body of water currents worldwide and equally a result caused a global cooling effect, shrinking the jungles. This allowed mammals to abound to mammoth proportions, such as whales which, past that time, had become almost fully aquatic. Mammals similar Andrewsarchus were at the meridian of the food-chain. The Belatedly Eocene saw the rebirth of seasons, which caused the expansion of savanna-like areas, along with the evolution of grass.^[15] ^[16] The end of the Eocene was marked by the Eocene-Oligocene extinction issue, the European confront of which is known equally the Grande Coupure.

The Oligocene Epoch spans from 33.9 one thousand thousand to 23.03 million years ago. The Oligocene featured the expansion of grass which had led to many new species to evolve, including the first elephants, cats, dogs, marsupials and many other species still prevalent today. Many other species of plants evolved in this period too. A cooling menstruation featuring seasonal rains was still in effect. Mammals still connected to grow larger and larger.^[17]

Neogene [edit]

The Neogene spans from 23.03 meg to 2.58 million years agone. It features ii epochs: the Miocene, and the Pliocene.^[18]

The Miocene Epoch spans from 23.03 to 5.333 one thousand thousand years ago and is a period in which grass spread farther, dominating a large portion of the earth, at the expense of forests. Kelp forests evolved, encouraging the evolution of new species, such as ocean otters. During this fourth dimension, perissodactyla thrived, and evolved into many different varieties. Apes evolved into xxx species. The Tethys Ocean finally airtight with the creation of the Arabian Peninsula, leaving only remnants as the Blackness, Red, Mediterranean and Caspian Seas. This increased aridity. Many new plants evolved: 95% of modern seed plants evolved in the mid-Miocene.^[19]

The Pliocene Epoch lasted from five.333 to two.58 one thousand thousand years ago. The Pliocene featured dramatic climatic changes, which ultimately led to modern species of flora and creature. The Mediterranean Ocean dried upwardly for several million years (considering the ice ages reduced bounding main levels, disconnecting the Atlantic from the Mediterranean, and evaporation rates exceeded inflow from rivers). Australopithecus evolved in Africa, beginning the homo branch. The isthmus of Panama formed, and animals migrated between North and South America during the keen American interchange, wreaking havoc on local ecologies. Climatic changes brought: savannas that are still continuing to spread beyond the earth; Indian monsoons; deserts in central Asia; and the beginnings of the Sahara desert. The earth map has not inverse much since, save for changes brought nearly by the glaciations of the Quaternary, such equally the Great Lakes, Hudson Bay, and the Baltic sea.^[xx] ^[21]

Quaternary [edit]

The 4th spans from 2.58 million years ago to present day, and is the shortest geological period in the Phanerozoic Eon. It features modernistic animals, and dramatic changes in the climate. It is divided into two epochs: the Pleistocene and the Holocene.

The Pleistocene lasted from 2.58 one thousand thousand to 11,700 years ago. This epoch was marked by ice ages as a event of the cooling trend that started in the Mid-Eocene. At that place were at least four separate glaciation periods marked past the accelerate of ice caps equally far s equally 40° N in mountainous areas. Meanwhile, Africa experienced a tendency of desiccation which resulted in the creation of the Sahara, Namib, and Kalahari deserts. Many animals evolved including mammoths, giant basis sloths, dire wolves, saber-toothed cats, and most famously Homo sapiens. 100,000 years ago marked the end of one of the worst droughts in Africa, and led to the expansion of primitive humans. As the Pleistocene drew to a close, a major extinction wiped out much of the earth's megafauna, including some of the hominid species, such as Neanderthals. All the continents were affected, but Africa to a lesser extent. It still retains many large animals, such every bit hippos.^[22]

The Holocene began 11,700 years ago and lasts to the present day. All recorded history and "the Human history" lies within the boundaries of the Holocene Epoch.^[23] Human action is blamed for a mass extinction that began roughly 10,000 years ago, though the species condign extinct take merely been recorded since the Industrial Revolution. This is sometimes referred to as the "6th Extinction". It is frequently cited that over 322 recorded species accept get extinct due to human action since the Industrial Revolution,^[24] ^[25] but the rate may be as high equally 500 vertebrate species alone, the majority of which have occurred after 1900.^[26]

Tectonics [edit]

Geologically, the Cenozoic is the era when the continents moved into their current positions. Commonwealth of australia-New Guinea, having carve up from Pangea during the early Cretaceous, drifted northward and, somewhen, collided with South-east Asia; Antarctica moved into its current position over the Southward Pole; the Atlantic Bounding main widened and, after in the era (2.8 meg years ago), S America became attached to North America with the isthmus of Panama.

India collided with Asia 55 to 45 million years ago creating the Himalayas; Arabia collided with Eurasia, closing the Tethys Body of water and creating the Zagros Mountains, around 35 1000000 years ago.^[27]

The pause-up of Gondwana in Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic times led to a shift in the river courses of diverse large African rivers including the Congo, Niger, Nile, Orange, Limpopo and Zambezi.^[28]

Climate [edit]

In the Cretaceous, the climate was hot and humid with lush forests at the poles, there was no permanent ice and sea levels were around 300 metres higher than today. This continued for the first ten meg years of the Paleocene, culminating in the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum about 55.5 million years agone. Around fifty 1000000 years ago Earth entered a period of long term cooling. This was mainly due to the collision of India with Eurasia, which caused the rise of the Himalayas: the upraised rocks eroded and reacted with CO₂ in the air, causing a long-term reduction in the proportion of this greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. Around 35 million years agone permanent ice began to build upwardly on Antarctica.^[29] The cooling trend connected in the Miocene, with relatively brusk warmer periods. When South America became attached to North America creating the Isthmus of Panama around 2.8 one thousand thousand years ago, the Arctic region cooled due to the strengthening of the Humboldt and Gulf Stream currents,^[xxx] eventually leading to the glaciations of the Quaternary ice historic period, the current interglacial of which is the Holocene Epoch. Contempo analysis of the geomagnetic reversal frequency, oxygen isotope record, and tectonic plate subduction charge per unit, which are indicators of the changes in the heat flux at the core mantle boundary, climate and plate tectonic activity, shows that all these changes indicate like rhythms on million years' timescale in the Cenozoic Era occurring with the mutual fundamental periodicity of ~13 Myr during most of the fourth dimension.^[31]

Life [edit]

Early in the Cenozoic, following the Thousand-Pg consequence, the planet was dominated past relatively small fauna, including small mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. From a geological perspective, information technology did not take long for mammals and birds to greatly diversify in the absenteeism of the dinosaurs that had dominated during the Mesozoic. Some flightless birds grew larger than humans. These species are sometimes referred to as "terror birds," and were formidable predators. Mammals came to occupy well-nigh every available niche (both marine and terrestrial), and some also grew very large, attaining sizes not seen in most of today's terrestrial mammals.

During the Cenozoic, mammals proliferated from a few small, simple, generalized forms into a diverse collection of terrestrial, marine, and flying animals, giving this period its other name, the Historic period of Mammals. The Cenozoic is just as much the historic period of savannas, the age of co-dependent flowering plants and insects, and the age of birds.^[32] Grass as well played a very of import role in this era, shaping the evolution of the birds and mammals that fed on it. Ane group that diversified significantly in the Cenozoic too were the snakes. Evolving in the Cenozoic, the variety of snakes increased tremendously, resulting in many colubrids, post-obit the evolution of their electric current chief casualty source, the rodents.

In the earlier part of the Cenozoic, the world was dominated by the gastornithid birds, terrestrial crocodiles similar Pristichampsus, and a handful of primitive large mammal groups like uintatheres, mesonychids, and pantodonts. But every bit the forests began to recede and the climate began to cool, other mammals took over.

The Cenozoic is total of mammals both strange and familiar, including chalicotheres, creodonts, whales, primates, entelodonts, saber-toothed cats, mastodons and mammoths, 3-toed horses, giant rhino similar Indricotherium, the rhinoceros-similar brontotheres, various baroque groups of mammals from South America, such as the vaguely elephant-similar pyrotheres and the dog-like marsupial relatives chosen borhyaenids and the monotremes and marsupials of Australia.

Run into also [edit]

Cretaceous–Paleogene purlieus (K–T boundary)
Geologic time scale
Belatedly Cenozoic Ice Historic period

References [edit]

^ "Cenozoic". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford Academy Press. due north.d.
^ "Cenozoic". Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
^ "Cenozoic". Online Etymology Dictionary.
^ Phillips, John (1840). "Palæozoic series". Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. Vol. 17. London, England: Charles Knight and Co. pp. 153–154. From pp. 153–154: "As many systems or combinations of organic forms as are clearly traceable in the stratified crust of the globe, so many corresponding terms (as Palæozoic, Mesozoic, Kainozoic, &c.) may exist made, ... "
^ Wilmarth, Mary Grace (1925). Bulletin 769: The Geologic Time Nomenclature of the United States Geological Survey Compared With Other Classifications, accompanied by the original definitions of era, flow and epoch terms. Washington, D.C., U.Southward.A.: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 8.
^
The development of the spelling of "Cenozoic" is reviewed in:
- Harland, W. Brian; Armstrong, Richard L.; Cox, Allen V.; Craig, Lorraine E.; Smith, David One thousand.; Smith, Alan Thou. (1990). "The Chronostratic Scale". A Geologic Time Calibration 1989. Cambridge, England, U.K.: Cambridge University Printing. p. 31. ISBN9780521387651.
Although John Phillips originally spelled it every bit "Kainozoic" in 1840, he spelled it "Cainozoic" a year later on:
- Phillips, John (1841). Figures and Descriptions of the Palæozoic Fossils of Cornwall, Devon, and West Somerset; ... London, England, U.K.: Longman, Brown, Green, & Longmans. p. 160.
^ "Cainozoic". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). due north.d.
^ "Cainozoic". Oxford English language Dictionary (2nd ed.). 1989.
^ Gibbard, P. L.; Head, Thou. J.; Walker, M. J. C. (2010). "Formal ratification of the Fourth System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base of operations at 2.58 Ma". Journal of Fourth Science. 25 (ii): 96–102. Bibcode:2010JQS....25...96G. doi:ten.1002/jqs.1338.
^ O'Leary, Maureen A.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Flynn, John J.; Gaudin, Timothy J.; Giallombardo, Andres; Giannini, Norberto P.; Goldberg, Suzann Fifty.; Kraatz, Brian P.; Luo, Zhe-Xi; Meng, Jin; Ni, Michael J.; Novacek, Fernando A.; Perini, Zachary S.; Randall, Guillermo; Rougier, Eric J.; Sargis, Mary T.; Silcox, Nancy b.; Simmons, Micelle; Spaulding, Paul M.; Velazco, Marcelo; Weksler, John r.; Wible, Andrea L.; Cirranello, A. L. (8 February 2013). "The Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post–K-Pg Radiation of Placentals". Scientific discipline. 339 (6120): 662–667. Bibcode:2013Sci...339..662O. doi:10.1126/science.1229237. hdl:11336/7302. PMID 23393258. S2CID 206544776.
^ Williams, C. J.; LePage, B. A.; Johnson, A. H.; Vann, D. R. (2009). "Structure, Biomass, and Productivity of a Late Paleocene Arctic Forest". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 158 (1): 107–127. doi:ten.1635/053.158.0106. S2CID 130110536.
^ Johnson, Kirk R.; Ellis, Beth (28 June 2002). "A Tropical Rainforest in Colorado 1.four Million Years After the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary". Science. 296 (5577): 2379–2383. doi:10.1126/scientific discipline.1072102.
^ Royal Tyrrell Museum (28 March 2012), Lamniform sharks: 110 million years of ocean supremacy, archived from the original on vii August 2013, retrieved 12 July 2017
^ University of California. "Eocene Epoch". University of California.
^ Academy of California. "Eocene Climate". University of California.
^ National Geographic Order (24 January 2017). "Eocene". National Geographic.
^ University of California. "Oligocene". University of California.
^ Encyclopædia Britannica. "Neogene". Encyclopædia Britannica.
^ Academy of California. "Miocene". University of California.
^ Academy of California. "Pliocene". University of California.
^ Jonathan Adams. "Pliocene climate". Oak Ridge National Library. Archived from the original on 25 February 2015.
^ Academy of California. "Pleistocene". University of California. Archived from the original on 24 August 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
^ University of California. "Holocene". University of California.
^ Scientific American. "Sixth Extinction extinctions". Scientific American.
^ IUCN (3 Nov 2009). "6th Extinction". IUCN.
^ Ceballos et al. (2015) (2015). "Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Inbound the 6th mass extinction". Science Advances. 1 (5): e1400253. Bibcode:2015SciA....1E0253C. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1400253. PMC4640606. PMID 26601195.
^ Allen, Yard. B.; Armstrong, H. A. (2008). "Arabia-Eurasia collision and the forcing of mid Cenozoic global cooling" (PDF). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 265 (i–ii): 52–58. Bibcode:2008PPP...265...52A. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.04.021.
^ Goudie, A.S. (2005). "The drainage of Africa since the Cretaceous". Geomorphology. 67 (3–iv): 437–456. Bibcode:2005Geomo..67..437G. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.11.008.
^ Dartnell, Lewis (2018). Origins:How the Earth Made United states of america. London, Uk: Bodley Head. pp. 9–x, 40. ISBN978-ane-8479-2435-3.
^ "How the Isthmus of Panama Put Ice in the Arctic". Oceanus Magazine.
^ Chen, J.; Kravchinsky, V.A.; Liu, Ten. (2015). "The 13 1000000 year Cenozoic pulse of the Earth". Globe and Planetary Science Letters. 431: 256–263. Bibcode:2015E&PSL.431..256C. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.09.033.
^ "The Cenozoic Era".